tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-45699852682525088592024-02-07T08:54:32.951-02:00SabáticoRoberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.comBlogger200125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-79816445261162943702017-02-08T13:16:00.002-02:002017-02-08T13:16:39.794-02:00¿Y si lo que se está en juego en el caso de la Jueza Highton es algo aún más importante que su continuidad?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Por Roberto Saba</span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">La solución de un
problema empieza con plantearse mejor la pregunta que lo define. A veces, la
mejor contribución a un debate que podemos hacer es invitar a repensar el modo
en que está presentada la discusión y su objeto.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">En el caso de la
continuidad de la Dra. Highton como Jueza de la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la
Nación más allá de su 75vo cumpleaños parece estar planteándose en los medios
de comunicación como una cuestión de capricho de la magistrada, de cálculos
estratégicos de una mayoría partidaria en el Senado que quiere designar un
nuevo Juez – todo parece indicar que no sería una jueza – o de preferencias del
gobierno, a cuyos funcionarios se les atribuye la afirmación de “que se sienten
cómodos con la magistrada” – lo que no es claramente un buen argumento en ningún
sentido. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Por un lado, la
Jueza alega que el precedente del Caso <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Fayt</i>
invalidó la incorporación de la cláusula del límite etario de los 75 años por
haber sido decidida por la Asamblea Constituyente sin tener atribuciones para
hacerlo. Por otro lado, la prensa y el propio gobierno, dan por válida esa
norma constitucional sin dar demasiadas razones, o incluso algún profesional de
los medios ha dicho, quizá un poco apresuradamente, que la inconstitucionalidad
de una norma constitucional es un oxímoron. Esta afirmación encierra toda una
teoría constitucional de consecuencias un tanto riesgosas, aunque sabemos que
las consecuencias negativas de la aplicación de una teoría no es una razón válida
para darla por equivocada. Por su parte, las razones de la jueza tienen
bastante fundamento, pero también encierran algunas consecuencias jurídicas y
por ende políticas y prácticas que convendría tenerlas en cuenta para testear
esa posición.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">La Asamblea
Constituyente prevista en nuestra Constitución es el órgano facultado por la
Carta Magna para realizar reformas constitucionales. Este cuerpo no es
soberano, es decir, no tiene, en principio, atribuciones ilimitadas. Sus facultades
están definidas por los puntos establecidos en la ley de necesidad de la
reforma que dicta el Congreso de la Nación cuando decide activar el proceso de
cambio constitucional. El Congreso, entonces, acota el mandato de la Asamblea
indicándole los temas a considerar – no necesariamente a reformar, pues esa es
atribución exclusiva de la Asamblea – y el plazo en el que cual la Asamblea
debe expedirse. Vencido el plazo, como la Cenicienta, sus facultades se
desvanecen y sus miembros dejan de serlo. Respecto de sus facultades, el cuerpo
constituyente no puede desatarse del mandato del Congreso. Si ello sucediera –
que es lo que algunos asocian con el carácter soberano del cuerpo – cada
llamado a una Asamblea Constituyente sería similar a abrir una caja de Pandora
de resultados completamente inciertos, una especie de salto al vacío – puede salir
bien, pero también puede salir muy mal. Es por ello que la tesis de que puede
haber normas constitucionales inválidas no es un oxímoron, pues ello sucedería
cuando la Asamblea se apartara de sus facultades incumpliéndose con el proceso
establecido en la Constitución y con las interpretaciones que han hecho de ese
texto los tribunales y la doctrina. Ese es el argumento del fallo Fayt y el de
la Dra. Highton. Hasta acá parece que les asiste razón. Por otra parte, si esta
tesis formalista se aplicara consistentemente, casi todos los procesos de
reforma constitucional de nuestro país podrían considerarse inválidos, pues casi
todos ellos tienen vicios más o menos serios o más o menos discutibles de
procedimiento. Muchas otras normas introducidas en 1994 deberían sufrir las
mismas consecuencias, algo que muy pocos podrían – me incluyo – aceptar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">En resumen, la
tesis estrictamente formalista le da la razón a la magistrada y a la Corte en
su sentencia del caso Fayt. Su postura es un antídoto a que futuras Asambleas
Constituyentes se sientan desatadas del corsette impuesto por el Congreso en la
ley que establece la necesidad de la reforma y avancen con sus mayorías
coyunturales en la incorporación de reformas que nadie les pidió que hicieran y
para las cuales no tendrían mandato. Por otra parte, si esa tesis fuera
consistentemente aplicada a todas las reformas, nos llevaríamos varias
sorpresas, pues deberíamos estar dispuestos a aceptar la invalidez de normas
constitucionales que hoy el pueblo acepta como válidas a pesar de ese vicio de
origen. Es por ello que detrás del caso Highton estamos discutiendo algo mucho
más relevante para la vida de una democracia constitucional: el mecanismo por
el cual podemos cambiar nuestro texto fundante.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Para el que le
interese el tema de la “Génesis Constitucional”, ver aquí <a href="https://www.academia.edu/24470764/G%C3%A9nesis_Constitucional">https://www.academia.edu/24470764/G%C3%A9nesis_Constitucional</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-16685036337499845592016-10-24T16:33:00.001-02:002016-10-24T16:36:24.811-02:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<a href="http://www.sigloxxieditores.com.ar/fichaLibro.php?libro=978-987-629-672-4">Nuevo libro sobre Desigualdad Estructural</a><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-66862727370059895412015-12-23T13:06:00.002-02:002015-12-23T13:08:12.664-02:00Jueces de la Corte: 222 + Robusta audiencia en el Senado<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="MsoNormal">
Por Roberto Saba</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Las aguas se
calmaron, pero parece ser que sólo momentáneamente. Existen dos riesgos sobre
los que es preciso advertir:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Riesgo 1:</span></b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Que el Poder
Ejecutivo insista en su iniciativa de avanzar con la instalación de dos jueces
en la Corte Suprema por medio de un procedimiento sobre cuya constitucionalidad
o justificación política dista de tener consenso. La Corte, luego de una
reunión entre Lorenzetti y Macri, tendió un salvavidas que dio un respiro al
Ejecutivo, pero el riesgo sigue latente, pues la comunicación de la Corte dejó
abierta la posibilidad de tomarles juramento a los dos nominados (y, a la vez,
designados, por extraño que eso suene) cuando los Tribunales vuelvan a
funcionar después de la feria de enero. Sería un serio error del Poder
Ejecutivo suponer que, vencido el período de participación ciudadana
establecido por el Decreto 222, sería políticamente (y constitucionalmente)
viable que Lorenzetti les tomara juramento a los nominados-designados por
decreto. El proceso de designación que ha devuelto confianza a la ciudadanía en
su Corte Suprema se inicia con la etapa participativa del Decreto 222, pero se
cierra con un robusto debate en el Senado en el marco de una audiencia pública
y televisada en la que los nominados respondan a las preguntas de los
Senadores, que, en muchos casos, reproducen las que la sociedad civil les hagan
llegar previamente a esos legisladores según lo indica el Reglamento del Senado
desde su reforma en 2003 (artículo 123, inc. 7).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Riesgo 2:</span></b><span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Que el Senado
apruebe los pliegos en una breve sesión ordinaria o extraordinaria que tan sólo
refleje acuerdos hechos en la oscuridad fuera del recinto entre partidos
políticos, como solía hacerse hasta 2003. El clímax de esa práctica fue la
designación de 5 jueces en la Corte Suprema por el Presidente Menem luego de la
ampliación del número de miembros del Tribunal de 5 a 9 y de la renuncia del
Ministro Jorge Bacqué en desacuerdo con ese <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">packing
</i>de la Corte. La sesión de aprobación de pliegos en el Senado de los nuevos
jueces duró escasos 5 minutos, lo cual, sumado a la completa oscuridad en la
etapa de nominación en cabeza del Ejecutivo, hizo que los argentinos nos
encontráramos de un día para el otro con la sorpresa de una nueva Corte con
mayoría automática a favor del Presidente que hizo estragos en la legitimidad
del Tribunal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Esa legitimidad
se reconstruyó a partir del 2003 por <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">dos
decisiones fundamentales</b>: 1) El decreto 222 del Poder Ejecutivo que abría
una etapa de transparencia y participación antes de la nominación de candidatos
al Senado y 2) la reforma del reglamento del Senado para la aprobación de esos
pliegos. Esta segunda fase del proceso de designación en la Cámara Alta es
crucial, pues consiste, primero, en una etapa en la cual las organizaciones de
la sociedad civil, los académicos y otros actores de la comunidad pueden
acercar a los Senadores preguntas que proponen les sean formuladas a los
nominados en una audiencia ante la Comisión de Acuerdos del Senado. Luego, en
esa audiencia, que fue televisada – y que sería conveniente que siga siéndolo –
y que gue seguida con enorme curiosidad por la sociedad cuando se implementó
por primera vez con la designación del Dr. Zaffaroni, los Senadores formularon <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">más de 200 preguntas</b> al nominado en una
sesión prolongada en la que los argentinos – potenciales alcanzados por las
decisiones del juez – pudieron conocer los detalles del pensamiento jurídico del
candidato en lo que se refería, entre otros temas, a interpretación
constitucional, aplicación de tratados internacionales de derechos humanos,
importancia de la jurisprudencia de los tribunales internacionales en la
decisión de la Corte, relevancia de los precedentes del máximo tribunal y su
carácter o no de vinculantes, así como también cuestiones puntuales específicas
tales como su lectura constitucional sobre el derecho a la libertad de
expresión, la igualdad ante la ley, el derecho a la vida, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Sería realmente
deseable, por el bien de la confianza de la ciudadanía en su Corte Suprema y,
como consecuencia, en su Poder Judicial, que se reencauce la designación de los
dos Ministros de la Corte de acuerdo a los mandatos de estas dos reformas
clave. Menem causó un daño enorme a la legitimidad de la Corte recurriendo a
los instrumentos constitucionales de la ley de ampliación de la Corte y de
expeditivas y oscuras aprobaciones de los pliegos por el Senado. El daño podría
ser equivalente si las designaciones se hicieran por un decreto de dudosa
constitucionalidad como el decidido por el Poder Ejecutivo la semana pasada. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Decreto 222 + Una robusta audiencia en el
Senado fue la fórmula exitosa que nos colocó en la senda correcta desde 2003</b>.
¿Si funciona, por qué no continuar con esta fórmula? Construir confianza en la
Justicia es altamente complejo. Destruirla es desgraciadamente demasiado fácil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-62206614850304148222015-12-23T13:05:00.000-02:002015-12-23T13:11:00.227-02:00Otra vez la Corte...<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Por Roberto Saba<br />
(También publicado en infobae.com bajo el título "La legalidad e idoneidad no es suficiente" el 16 de diciembre de 2015)</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">La credibilidad
de una Corte Suprema de Justicia como la nuestra, con la responsabilidad de
ejercer el control de constitucionalidad de las leyes y decretos en última
instancia, y la confianza que la gente tenga en ella, dependen fundamentalmente
del modo en que se designen sus integrantes. También depende de los casos que ese
tribunal decida, de sus argumentos para justificar sus sentencias y de la
inteligencia con la que los jueces diseñen sus mandatos a los poderes del
Estado en sus resoluciones. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">El Presidente
Menem había hecho trizas esa credibilidad y confianza popular en nuestro máximo
tribunal. El Presidente Kirchner y el Senado, respectivamente, inspirados a
partir de una serie de propuestas esbozadas en un documento titulado “Una Corte
para la Democracia”, implementaron mecanismos en el proceso de designación de
jueces – no sólo de la Corte – que devolvieron con una velocidad realmente
increíble, la confianza perdida. El famoso decreto 222 y la reforma en el
reglamento del Senado imprimieron a la nominación de candidatos a la Corte Suprema
por parte del Ejecutivo y a la aprobación de los pliegos en el Senado un nivel
transparencia y participación nunca antes vistos en la Argentina – aunque sí en
el sistema de los Estados Unidos que nuestro constituyente tomó como modelo y
que nuestros políticos prefirieron olvidar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">El tiempo que el
decreto 222 provee a la ciudadanía para criticar o apoyar a los nominados antes
de que el Presidente envíe el pliego al Senado, no sólo abre una instancia de
participación y control ciudadano en el proceso de designación de jueces de la
Corte, sino que tiene el efecto buscado de que el Presidente evalúe con máximo
cuidado su decisión sobre a quién nomina, pues su candidato o candidata deberá
pasar el riguroso escrutinio de la ciudadanía y de la comunidad jurídica
experta. Este plazo de virtual consulta pública permitiría a la gente sopesar
las credenciales profesionales, morales y democráticas de los nominados, así
como el equilibrio de género que el decreto del ejecutivo le impone al
Presidente como un objetivo a lograr en la composición del Tribunal. Las cuatro
nominaciones que hizo Néstor Kirchner para completar la integración de la Corte
Suprema al comienzo de su mandato dan cuenta del impacto positivo de ese
procedimiento. Los cuatro nuevos jueces y juezas no eran apoyados por todos por
igual, pues hubo quienes los criticaron con dureza y quienes rescataron sus
muchas virtudes, pero ninguno de ellos podía compararse ni por lejos con las
nefastas designaciones que había hecho Menem en la oscuridad en procesos tan
veloces que no permitieron ni siquiera la crítica oportuna. El proceso fue la
principal causa de ese positivo cambio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">Las
características del procedimiento de designación introducidas en el decreto 222
y las reformas en el reglamento del Senado son aún hoy rescatadas por kirchneristas
y opositores a los gobiernos de los últimos 12 años como la única medida
unánimemente considerada como acertada por los gobiernos de Néstor y Cristina
Kirchner. Ese procedimiento, y muchas sabias decisiones de la propia Corte, la
tornaron un Tribunal creíble y políticamente poderoso. Los argentinos habíamos
logrado reconstruir la confianza y credibilidad de nuestro máximo tribunal a
tal punto que esta Corte tuvo las espaldas suficientes para poner límites al
mismo gobierno que la había conformado. Reconstruir esta legitimidad en tan
breve tiempo fue un logro casi milagroso. Suele tomar décadas construir la
confianza popular en un Tribunal y sólo segundos destruirla. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="mso-ansi-language: ES;">La designación por
decreto de dos jueces del máximo tribunal de la Nación no contribuye en nada a
esa construcción de legitimidad de la Corte. Tampoco merecen estos dos
excelentes candidatos llegar a la Corte por medio de este bizarro e inusual
procedimiento de dudosa constitucionalidad. Algunos sostienen que el
procedimiento es “arriesgado pero legal”, pero la legalidad no es todo cuando
se trata de contribuir a la confianza en nuestro Poder Judicial. También era
“legal” el modo en que Menem y su Senado designaron a los jueces de la mayoría
automática en la Corte de la década del 90. Nominaciones de personas sin
prestigio ni trayectoria, sin ninguna reputación que perder, aprobaciones en
tiempo record y sin ningún escrutinio público en el Senado, hicieron caer al
Tribunal en los más bajo de su legitimidad. Incluso cuando una cierta
interpretación del artículo 99, inciso 19 de la Constitución Nacional hiciera
pensar que el procedimiento escogido por el Presidente de la Nación es “legal”,
ello no convierte la decisión en acertada. El Presidente y el Senado tienen la
alta responsabilidad de cuidar la legitimidad de la Corte y no sólo de actuar
“legalmente”. Actuar dentro de la legalidad es un presupuesto indispensable,
pero no es suficiente. No es una mera casualidad que ningún Presidente de la
Nación elegido por el pueblo desde 1853, ni siquiera el Presidente Alfonsín con
su abrumadora legitimidad democrática, recurriera a la designación de jueces en
comisión, incluso cuando en el caso de Alfonsín su posición se parecía mucho más
a la de Mitre en 1862 designando a la primera Corte Suprema que a la del actual
Presidente. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="ES" style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Es urgente revisar esta decisión. Por el bien de la
Corte, por el bien de los nominados y por la salud de nuestra siempre endeble
institucionalidad democrática.</span><!--EndFragment--></div>
Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-56349271760218356012013-09-28T11:11:00.002-02:002013-09-28T11:17:14.368-02:00Las Dos Damas de Tribunales<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<b>Laicidad y Símbolos Religiosos en los Tribunales, por Roberto P. Saba</b><br />
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Nueva Publicación que forma parte de la Colección de Cuadernos Jorge Carpizo para Entender y Pensar la Laicidad (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, Cátedra Extraordinaria Benito Juarez e Instituo Iberoamericano de Derecho Constitucional, México 2013).<br />
<br />
A partir de un caso que llevamos desde la ADC cuando me desempeñaba como Director Ejecutivo de la organización, reflexiono sobre un posible encuadre jurídico de la dificil relación entre religión y estado democrático-liberal. <a href="http://catedra-laicidad.unam.mx/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Colecci%C3%B3n-Jorge-Carpizo-%E2%80%93-VII-%E2%80%93-Laicidad-y-s%C3%ADmbolos-religiosos-%E2%80%93-Roberto-Saba.pdf">Bajar el texto acá.</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1wNtWvqP6Rp5nT4HTdCahK9N4pphRUHEEEr_w8bi3K4Fi6rwGbN2rxP98FrIAz-S3WtAOMHLBt6KomUPHrioXMvtc4c5Z-R8RiFO8S1_QT0jhPUVYvnywpRT_rLTXcW_J-aWrzvAAGo/s1600/Laicidad.tiff" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjE1wNtWvqP6Rp5nT4HTdCahK9N4pphRUHEEEr_w8bi3K4Fi6rwGbN2rxP98FrIAz-S3WtAOMHLBt6KomUPHrioXMvtc4c5Z-R8RiFO8S1_QT0jhPUVYvnywpRT_rLTXcW_J-aWrzvAAGo/s320/Laicidad.tiff" width="187" /></a></div>
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Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-89936348118157779242013-09-21T22:56:00.000-02:002013-09-22T18:04:43.319-02:00Homenaje a Carlos S. Nino en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Palermo<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3c3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #3a3c3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">El seminario se realizará los días miércoles 16 y el jueves 17 de octubre, en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Palermo, sede Mario Bravo 1050.</span></span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</span><br />
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="background-color: #444444;">Programa Preliminar sujeto a posibles modificaciones</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Miércoles 16 de Octubre</span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">12:00-13:00 Almuerzo de bienvenida</span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><strong>13:00-14:30</strong><strong><br /></strong></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Mesa 1</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Carlos Nino: Inspiración para una Agenda de Cambio en la Enseñanza Derecho</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Martín Bohmer</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Paola Bergallo</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Alberto Bovino (a conf.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Modera: Paula Arturo</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">15:00-16:45</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Mesa 2</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Ética y Derechos Humanos y la agenda política actual</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Marcelo Alegre</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Laura Saldivia</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Marcela Rodríguez</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Inés Jaureguiberri (a conf.)</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Diana Maffia (a conf.)</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">17:15-19:15</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Mesa 3</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Fundamentos de Derecho Constitucional: Democracia, Presidencialismo, Constitución y Poder Judicial</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Gustavo Maurino</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Ricardo Gil Lavedra</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Jorge Barraguirre</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Carlos Balbin</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Modera: Guillermo Moro</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span>
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">19:30-20:30 hs</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Keynote Speech: Democracia y Límite Constitucional</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Presenta: Roberto Saba</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Orador: Ricardo Lorenzetti</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Vino de honor</span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="background-color: #444444;"><br /></strong></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<span style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: underline;"><strong style="background-color: #444444;">Jueves 17 de Octubre</strong></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">2:00-4:00</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Mesa 4</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Nino y el Derecho Penal: Castigo, Democracia y Derechos Humanos </span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Martín Sabelli</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Roberto Gargarella</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Leonardo Filippini</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Modera: Gustavo Beade</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">4:30-6:30</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Mesa 5</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">A 20 años de su publicación, ¿Argentina sigue siendo un país al margen de la ley?</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Roberto De Michele</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Manuel Garrido</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Ezequiel Nino</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Carlos Rosenkrantz</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Paola Bergallo</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Modera: Atilio Grimani</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;"><br /></span></strong></div>
<div style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">19:00-20:30 hs</span></strong><br />
<strong><span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Keynote Speech: El Control Judicial del Poder Ejecutivo</span></strong><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Presenta: Martín Farrell</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #444444; color: #cccccc;">Orador: Owen Fiss</span></div>
</div>
Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-21686405534974333612012-05-16T09:07:00.001-02:002012-05-16T09:07:39.647-02:00Carlos Fuentes"La muerte espera al más valiente, al más rico, al más bello. Pero los iguala al más cobarde, al más pobre, al más feo, no en el simple hecho de morir, ni siquiera en la conciencia de la muerte, sino en la ignorancia de la muerte. Sabemos que un día vendrá, pero nunca sabemos lo que es"
CARLOS FUENTES .Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-86316368825175470862012-01-05T12:23:00.002-02:002012-01-05T12:24:31.829-02:00Mariano Saba: Entrevista en ÑY si, estoy muy orgulloso y lo queria compartir con amigos... Este Saba es mi hermano...<br /><br /><a href="http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/escenarios/teatro/Mariano-Saba-Madrijo_0_621538075.html">http://www.revistaenie.clarin.com/escenarios/teatro/Mariano-Saba-Madrijo_0_621538075.html</a><br /><br />Besos<br /><br />RobertoRoberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-73554642616094512962011-11-28T17:29:00.002-02:002011-11-28T17:35:03.831-02:00Mujeres Juezas en SudafricaHace un par de semanas, por iniciativa de la Profesora y amiga, Beatriz Kohen, directora del Programa de Género y Derecho, proyectamos en la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Palermo la película documental "Courting Justice" o "Cortejando a la Justicia". Contamos con la presencia de la realizadora del film, la encantadora Ruth Cowan. Ruth me pidió que escribiera algo sobre la película en línea con mis comentarios al finalizar la proyección. Esto es lo que escribí:<br /><br />"Courting Justice helps us understand the huge challenge South Africa’s judges faced after the collapse of the apartheid regime. It is evident that they were aware of the enormous responsibility they had to advance the belief that the new constitution was not only ink on paper, but a reality that could improve their lives.<br /><br />The opening scene of Courting Justice features the Constitutional Court building, the very architecture of which conveys the court’s:transparency and accessibility. It is open to all including the school children we see, who are curious about the work done there. <br /><br />One among the many challenges for this Court was and continues to be establishing and maintaining its own legitimacy. Courts, as Alexander Bickel said, are the least dangerous branch of government. They lack the power of the purse and the sword. Their legitimacy is constructed through each of their decisions , the arguments they offer to justify them and the connections these decisions have with improving the lives of the country’s citizens . Its legitimacy is also rooted in the diversity and the reputation of its members, as well as in their life experiences and commitments to justice and democracy. With each decision , the future of the new democratic regime, the credibility of the constitution itself and the hope of people in a better future are at stake."<br /><br />Para saber más sobre la película, pueden ver su website <a href="http://www.courtingjustice.com/">ACA</a><br /><br />También pueden seguir las novedades en Facebook <a href="http://www.facebook.com/CourtingJustice">ACA</a>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-44005110429570499942011-11-25T17:10:00.004-02:002011-11-25T17:14:05.000-02:00Día Internacional de la No Violencia Contra la MujerEn 1999, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas, aprobó por resolución, conmemorar el 25 de noviembre como el Día Internacional de la No Violencia hacia la Mujer.<br /><br />En esa fecha, en el año 1960 se cometió el asesinato, violación y tortura de las tres hermanas Miraval, que lucharon por la liberación de su pueblo contra el dictador dominicano Trujillo.<br /><br />Hacer <a href="http://www.csjn.gov.ar/om/video_cuento.html">CLICK ACA</a> para ver un video divulgado por la Oficina de la Mujer de la Corte Suprema en el que la Dra. Carmen Argibay comparte un poema sobre el tema.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-56495909917711533562011-11-06T11:43:00.004-02:002011-11-06T11:58:45.905-02:00Mario Roberto Alvarez<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgguHugJpJ19PO3XD2u7cQvOGBQYWLgCPxMhzB-JQjIbqPcUNntM9qMj_DCtjWsc6T8PYt5ryM7JV3RG6JNbkgJzbwiamyS-wuyGvFymJnYi0kOoov3obc_-2n0uQ5Fb5x1tBY9MHDvDEM/s1600/Mario+Roberto+Alvarez.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 288px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgguHugJpJ19PO3XD2u7cQvOGBQYWLgCPxMhzB-JQjIbqPcUNntM9qMj_DCtjWsc6T8PYt5ryM7JV3RG6JNbkgJzbwiamyS-wuyGvFymJnYi0kOoov3obc_-2n0uQ5Fb5x1tBY9MHDvDEM/s400/Mario+Roberto+Alvarez.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5671881922064426754" /></a><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; ">Desayuno y tengo frente a mi, sobre la mesa del living, un ejemplar del libro </span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; ">“Cuaderno de Viajes” del arquitecto Mario Roberto Álvarez publicado por la F</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; ">acultad de Arquitectura de la UP. La publicación que fue propuesta por la arquitecta Susana Ribichich y editada por la editorial Nobuko y Universidad de Palermo, recopila los viajes que realizó Álvarez por Europa al finalizar sus estudios a partir de 1938. Una delicia para los amantes del dibujo y los aficionados a la arquitectura.<br /><br />En el libro, MRA describe y da énfasis a sus propias ideas a través de la fluidez de sus dibujos, que acompaña con sintéticas notas aclaratorias. Aunque utiliza este lenguaje gráfico como herramienta para la descripción de teorías y técnicas, sus croquis conceptuales, analíticos o perceptivos, representan un goce para cualquier lector.<br /><br />Mario Roberto Álvarez, nació en Buenos Aires en 1913. Ya siendo estudiante recibió dos medallas de oro, una en el Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires en 1931 (otro ex-alumno del Colegio de quien sentirnos orgullosos!) y otra cuando egresó en 1936 de la Facultad de Arquitectura de Buenos Aires.</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; "><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; ">Miro el libro y miro el diario mientras desayuno. En este último me entero, con tristeza, que el maestro de 97 años se fue a descansar luego de darnos casi un siglo de su creativa existencia. Dejo el diario y me pongo a mirar su Diario de Viajes</span></div>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-58379729069365183432011-11-05T23:03:00.000-02:002013-09-21T21:53:54.759-02:00Courting Justice... Mujeres en la Justicia<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<tr><td align="left" style="color: #3a3c3e; font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">En el marco del convenio entre la Asociación de Mujeres Juezas de la Argentina – AMJA- y el programa Género y Derecho de la Universidad de Palermo, el 11 de noviembre de 2011 a las 18:00 hs. se presentará el documental “Courting justice”.</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">El argumento del film narra la historia de las mujeres juezas de la Corte Constitucional y otras importantes Cortes de Sudáfrica y su papel en la transición a la democracia y el establecimiento de una cultura de Derechos Humanos en ese país.<br /><br />Contaremos con la presencia de la directora Ruth Cowan, prestigiosa académica con investigaciones sobre los países en desarrollo, sistema de justicia, asuntos de género y raciales. También participarán el Dr. Roberto Saba, constitucionalista y Decano de la Facultad de Derecho de la Universidad de Palermo, y la Dra. Beatriz Kohen, directora del programa Género y Derecho de la misma universidad.<br /><br />Asimismo, asistirán destacadas figuras de la justicia nacional. Posteriormente se realizará un debate abierto al público.<br /> <br />Para más información sobre la película documental:</span><br />
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">http://www.courtingjustice.com/index.html</span></td></tr>
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Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-75498332182994123962011-11-05T14:01:00.004-02:002011-11-05T14:08:55.187-02:00Juicio por Jurados<span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><table width="975" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(58, 60, 62); "> </td><td valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(58, 60, 62); "><p style="text-align: justify; "><strong>Jornada: Hacia el Juicio por Jurados en la Argentina</strong></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; "><br /></span><div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: -webkit-xxx-large; "><table width="975" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"></table></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; ">La Asociación Pensamiento Penal y el Centro de Estudios en Derecho Penal invitan a participar de la Jornada" Hacia el Juicio con Jurados en la Argentina" que tendrá lugar el 24 de noviembre desde las 9:00 hs. en la sede de Mario Bravo 1050 de la Facultad de Derecho.</span></div><div style="text-align: -webkit-auto;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; "><br /></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(58, 60, 62); font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"><table width="975" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; font-weight: normal; color: rgb(58, 60, 62); "><p><a href="http://www.palermo.edu/derecho/APP/jornada-hacia-el-juicio-por-jurados-en-la-argentina.html">Ver acá</a></p><p><br /></p></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-66239894503094373622011-09-24T12:02:00.002-02:002011-09-24T12:03:39.939-02:00Me recomiendan la siguiente bibliografia sobre Secreto y Acceso a la Informacion (FOIA NET)Tom Susman<br /> <br />Sissela Bok, Secrets: on the Ethics of Concealment and Revelation (New York: Vintage Books, 1989). Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Secrecy: the American Experience (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999).<br /> <br />Mary Graham, Democracy by Disclosure: the Rise of Technopopulism (Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2002). <br /> <br />Ann Florini, ed., The Right to Know: Transparency for an Open World (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007). <br /> <br />Fabrizio Scrollini<br /> <br />Peter Hennessy, The Secret State: Whitehall and the Cold War (London: Allen Lane, 2002). <br /> <br />Colin Darch<br /> <br />Heather Brooke, The Silent State: Secrets, Surveillance and the Myth of British Democracy (London: Heinemann, 2010)<br /> <br />Ben Worthy<br /> <br />Donald C. Rowat, ed., Administrative Secrecy in Developed Countries, (London and Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1979)<br /> <br />David Vincent, The Culture of Secrecy: Britain, 1832-1998 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998).<br /> <br />Ken G. Robertson, Public Secrets: a Study in the Development of Government Secrecy (London: St. Martin’s Press, 1982). <br /> <br />David Leigh, The Frontiers of Secrecy: Closed Government in Britain (London: Aletheia Books, 1982).Baxter, John D. 1990. State Secrecy, Privacy and Information. Harvester: London.<br /> <br />Bunyan, Tony. 1999. Secrecy and Openness in the European Union. Kogan Page: London. Also avaialble at the link below http://www.statewatch.org/secret/freeinfo/index.html <http://www.statewatch.org/secret/freeinfo/index.html> <br /> <br />Charles Davis<br /> <br />Charles N. Davis and Sigman L. Splichal, Access Denied: Freedom of Information in the Information Age (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 2000).<br /> <br />Nabiha Syed<br /> <br />Alasdair S Roberts, Blacked Out: Government Secrecy in the Information Age (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006).<br /> <br />Tom McClean<br /> <br />Jürgen Habermas, The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: an Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991). <br /> <br />Dennis F. Thompson, “Democratic Secrecy,” Political Science Quarterly 114, no. 2 (July 1999): 181-193 <br /> <br />Michel Crozier and Erhard Friedberg, The Bureaucratic Phenomenon (New York: Transaction Publishers, 2009).<br /> <br />Itzhak Galnoor, “Government Secrecy: Exchanges, Intermediaries, and Middlemen,” Public Administration Review 35, no. 1 (January 1, 1975): 32-42.<br /> <br />Georg Simmel, “The Sociology of Secrecy and of Secret Societies,” American Journal of Sociology 11, no. 4 (January 1906): 441-498. Weber, Max (1978 [1922]). <br /> <br />Max Weber, Economy and Society: an Outline of Interpretive Sociology (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1978).Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-36162359137831501442011-09-21T22:37:00.002-02:002011-09-21T22:39:27.974-02:00Kindle y las bibliotecasDe ALT1040 (Gracias)<br /><br />En esta ocasión han firmado un acuerdo con 11.000 bibliotecas de Estados Unidos para poner en marcha un servicio de préstamos de libros electrónicos a través del Kindle, es decir, emular el acto natural de retirar un libro de una biblioteca pública durante quince días pero trasladado al mundo del e-book.<br /><br />La idea es que el usuario se conecte a la web de su biblioteca pública y si ésta utiliza los servicios de OverDrive (una plataforma, precisamente, de E-Books), conectarse a Amazon para descargarse el libro en el Kindle durante el tiempo de préstamo (que puede ser renovable y que, si el usuario lo desea, puede desembocar en la compra del libro manteniendo todas las anotaciones realizadas). Es decir que, gracias a este nuevo servicio, los usuarios podrán retirar libros sin tener que pisar la biblioteca y leerlos en su Kindle. Creo que este acuerdo de Amazon es un importante paso para el libro electrónico porque pone de manifiesto el hecho de que el libro es algo más que el papel, puesto que lo que importa realmente son los contenidos.<br /><br />Amazon, precisamente, no es una novata en estos asuntos y lleva ya tiempo sorprendiéndonos con movimientos similares que reafirman este hecho. La pasada Navidad, Amazon comenzó a permitir (en Estados Unidos) que los usuarios pudiesen prestarse libros electrónicos, algo de lo más natural cuando el libro está impreso pero que, cuando hablamos de un libro electrónico, parece rozar (para algunos puristas) el sacrilegio y la piratería. Comprar un libro es, al fin y al cabo, adquirir derechos de acceso a unos contenidos, el formato más que un impedimento debería ser una ventaja a explotar y eso es lo que Amazon está haciendo.<br /><br /><br /><br />De hecho, creo que lo ha demostrado muy bien con los libros de texto. Salvo libros de referencia, algunos libros de texto acaban en un desván o en una estantería de la que apenas se mueven pero, en su tiempo, tuvimos que adquirirlos para cursar nuestros estudios. Creo que todos hemos tenido libros que, tras aprobar la asignatura, no hemos vuelto a tocar y, sin embargo, tuvimos que pagarlos para tenerlos “de por vida”. El libro electrónico, realmente, no se degrada ni se estropea (únicamente puede quedarse desfasado) y aquí Amazon vio otra línea de negocio al alquilar los libros de texto en formato electrónico, de modo que se adquieren derechos de acceso durante la vigencia del préstamo y, luego, o bien renovamos o dejamos de tener acceso al libro pero, mientras dure, podemos usarlo a un precio mucho más bajo que comprarlo.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-53602403856726822202011-09-21T21:30:00.003-02:002011-09-21T21:33:25.179-02:00Teatro Recomendado (reconozco mi falta de neutralidad en este caso)<a href="http://lapatriafria.blogspot.com/">MAS INFORMACION ACA</a><br /><br /><br /><a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywBer9-4bWeA4Kuon-OcC0DuKW2f7dFZ0RJFnMjyfkQY1A9HqELwPY7VP32lYsGnHg0y0u24HgTJ0Rhu1YELQh1btPt_jjqIFOiPcChe3wa9vGBBvA0c_aa7p1UvAYFJA8H0hOSaV7XA/s1600/Patria-Flyer.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 269px; height: 400px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiywBer9-4bWeA4Kuon-OcC0DuKW2f7dFZ0RJFnMjyfkQY1A9HqELwPY7VP32lYsGnHg0y0u24HgTJ0Rhu1YELQh1btPt_jjqIFOiPcChe3wa9vGBBvA0c_aa7p1UvAYFJA8H0hOSaV7XA/s400/Patria-Flyer.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5654959586522344610" /></a>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-77762240366659996002011-09-21T11:48:00.001-02:002011-09-21T11:52:34.948-02:00Pena de Muerte y Discriminación 4. Penado por error o racismo?The New York Times<br /><br /><br />September 20, 2011<br />Georgia Pardons Board Denies Clemency for Death Row Inmate<br />By KIM SEVERSON<br />ATLANTA — Barring an unimaginable legal reversal, Troy Davis will be executed by lethal injection at a Georgia prison on Wednesday.<br /><br />In the days that follow, Amnesty International and other groups that fight the death penalty will move on to other cases.<br /><br />The family of Mark MacPhail, the Savannah police officer who was trying to break up a fight in a fast-food parking lot when Mr. Davis shot him in the face and the heart, will look for closure after 22 years of courtrooms, news coverage and three heart-ripping stays of execution.<br /><br />Legal experts will debate whether a case built on a tiny amount of physical evidence and shifting witness testimony was enough to warrant execution, and whether death penalty politics in the United States have reached a tipping point.<br /><br />But here, in this capital city of the Deep South, the case will continue to resonate as a barometer of racism in this country, many said.<br /><br />Throughout Tuesday and into the evening, when a few hundred people gathered at the Capitol downtown, people spoke again and again of how Mr. Davis was wrongly accused, wrongly convicted and now, in their minds, about to be wrongly executed by a legal system stacked against minorities.<br /><br />“What am I supposed to tell my son? That we still live in a Jim Crow society?” said Mary Ross, 37, who attended a somber news conference inside Ebenezer Baptist Church in the neighborhood where the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. preached.<br /><br />There, members of the N.A.A.C.P. and Amnesty International and the church pastor outlined what are clearly Hail Mary efforts to stop the execution.<br /><br />They pleaded publicly to the Georgia State Board of Pardons and Parole, which earlier in the day denied Mr. Davis’s clemency after a daylong hearing Monday.<br /><br />In a brief statement, the five-member board, which is appointed by the governor, said that its members “have not taken their responsibility lightly and certainly understand the emotions attached to a death penalty case.”<br /><br />Mr. Davis’s supporters were reaching out to the prosecutor in the original case, asking that he persuade the original judge to rescind the death order. Benjamin Jealous, head of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, who planned to visit Mr. Davis on Wednesday, was trying to ask President Obama for a reprieve.<br /><br />The Innocence Project, which has had a hand in the exoneration of 17 death-row inmates through the use of DNA testing, sent a letter to the Chatham County district attorney, Larry Chisolm, urging him to withdraw the execution warrant against Mr. Davis, although there is no DNA evidence at issue in the case.<br /><br />Regardless of whether those hope-against-hope efforts work, the N.A.A.C.P. and others said they would call for the Department of Justice to investigate the case as a civil rights violation, asking that the original police investigation and the legal process that led to Mr. Davis’s conviction be examined.<br /><br />“It harkens back to some ugly days in the history of this state,” said the Rev. Raphael Warnock of Ebenezer Baptist Church, who visited Mr. Davis on Monday.<br /><br />But for the family of the slain officer, and countless others who believe that two decades worth of legal appeals and Supreme Court intervention is more than enough to ensure justice, it is not an issue of race but of law.<br /><br />Calling Mr. Davis a victim is ludicrous, said Mr. MacPhail’s widow, Joan MacPhail-Harris.<br /><br />“We have lived this for 22 years,” she said Monday. “We are victims."<br /><br />She added, “We have laws in this land so that there is not chaos. We are not killing Troy because we want to.”<br /><br />Her daughter, Madison, 24, along with her brother, Mark, 22, will be at the execution Wednesday. The officer’s mother, Anneliese MacPhail, will not. But she welcomes it, saying: “I’m not for blood — I’m for justice. We have been through hell, my family.”<br /><br />Mr. Davis’s family, who had gathered in an Atlanta hotel to await the decision, learned that he would be put to death from members of his legal team and Amnesty International. They immediately went to the state prison in Jackson, about an hour’s drive south of Atlanta, to be with him.<br /><br />Mr. Davis, who has refused a last meal, was in good spirits and prayerful, said Wende Gozan Brown, a spokeswoman for Amnesty International, who visited Mr. Davis on Tuesday.<br /><br />He told her that his death was for all the Troy Davises who came before and after him.<br /><br />“I will not stop fighting until I’ve taken my last breath,” he said in a conversation relayed by Ms. Brown. “Georgia is prepared to snuff out the life of an innocent man.”<br /><br />The case has been a slow and convoluted exercise in legal maneuvering and death penalty politics.<br /><br />This is the fourth time Mr. Davis has faced the death penalty. The state parole board granted him a stay in 2007 as he was preparing for his final hours, saying the execution should not proceed unless its members “are convinced that there is no doubt as to the guilt of the accused.” The board has since added three new members.<br /><br />In 2008, his execution was about 90 minutes away when the Supreme Court stepped in. Although the court kept Mr. Davis from execution, it later declined to hear the case.<br /><br />In the week before his third execution date, the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit issued a stay to consider his lawyer’s arguments that new testimony that could prove his innocence had not been considered.<br /><br />The appeals court denied the claim but allowed time for Mr. Davis to take his argument directly to the Supreme Court, which ordered a federal court to once again examine new testimony.<br /><br />But in June, a federal district judge in Savannah said Mr. Davis’s legal team had failed to demonstrate his innocence, setting the stage for the new date.<br /><br />This time around, the case catapulted into the national consciousness with record numbers of petitions — more than 630,000 — delivered to the board to stay the execution, and a list of people asking for clemency included former President Jimmy Carter, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, 51 members of Congress, entertainment figures like Cee Lo Green and even some death penalty supporters, including William S. Sessions, a former F.B.I. director.<br /><br />Robbie Brown contributed reporting.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-2574397455077283542011-09-21T11:41:00.001-02:002011-09-21T11:42:17.769-02:00Pena de Muerte y Discriminación 3. Condenado por error?The New York Times<br /><br /><br />September 20, 2011<br />A Grievous Wrong<br />Troy Davis is scheduled to be executed on Wednesday for the 1989 killing of a police officer in Savannah, Ga. The Georgia pardon and parole board’s refusal to grant him clemency is appalling in light of developments after his conviction: reports about police misconduct, the recantation of testimony by a string of eyewitnesses and reports from other witnesses that another person had confessed to the crime.<br /><br />This case has attracted worldwide attention, but it is, in essence, no different from other capital cases. Across the country, the legal process for the death penalty has shown itself to be discriminatory, unjust and incapable of being fixed. Just last week, the Supreme Court granted a stay of execution for Duane Buck, an African-American, hours before he was to die in Texas because a psychologist testified during his sentencing that Mr. Buck’s race increased the chances of future dangerousness. Case after case adds to the many reasons why the death penalty must be abolished.<br /><br />The grievous errors in the Davis case were numerous, and many arose out of eyewitness identification. The Savannah police contaminated the memories of four witnesses by re-enacting the crime with them present so that their individual perceptions were turned into a group one. The police showed some of the witnesses Mr. Davis’s photograph even before the lineup. His lineup picture was set apart by a different background. The lineup was also administered by a police officer involved in the investigation, increasing the potential for influencing the witnesses.<br /><br />In the decades since the Davis trial, science-based research has shown how unreliable and easily manipulated witness identification can be. Studies of the hundreds of felony cases overturned because of DNA evidence have found that misidentifications accounted for between 75 percent and 85 percent of the wrongful convictions. The Davis case offers egregious examples of this kind of error.<br /><br />Under proper practices, no one should know who the suspect is, including the officer administering a lineup. Each witness should view the lineup separately, and the witnesses should not confer about the crime. A new study has found that even presenting photos sequentially (one by one) to witnesses reduced misidentifications — from 18 percent to 12 percent of the time — compared with lineups where photos were presented all at once, as in this case.<br /><br />Seven of nine witnesses against Mr. Davis recanted after trial. Six said the police threatened them if they did not identify Mr. Davis. The man who first told the police that Mr. Davis was the shooter later confessed to the crime. There are other reasons to doubt Mr. Davis’s guilt: There was no physical evidence linking him to the crime introduced at trial, and new ballistics evidence broke the link between him and a previous shooting that provided the motive for his conviction.<br /><br />More than 630,000 letters pleading for a stay of execution were delivered to the Georgia board last week. Those asking for clemency included President Jimmy Carter, 51 members of Congress and death penalty supporters, such as William Sessions, a former F.B.I. director. The board’s failure to commute Mr. Davis’s death sentence to life without parole was a tragic miscarriage of justice.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-52984603746605329772011-09-19T12:41:00.000-02:002011-09-19T12:42:33.116-02:00Pena de Muerte y Discriminacion 2Reporta la ACLU:<br /><br />Supreme Court Stays Duane Buck Execution<br /><br />Great news! Last night, the Supreme Court granted a last-minute stay to Duane Buck, who was hours away from his scheduled execution in Texas. We now await a decision from the court as to whether it will review his case, and the claims that race played an improper role in his death sentence.<br /><br />We think it's pretty clear that it did. The ACLU's Brian Stull blogged earlier this month about this case:<br /><br />In Texas, imposing the death penalty in capital cases comes down to one question: is the defendant going to be a "future danger" if he or she is not executed? Mr. Buck was sentenced to die based on testimony by Dr. Walter Quijano, who told jurors that Mr. Buck was more likely to pose a future danger to society because he is black. Dr. Quijano's testimony came in 1997, more than 20 years after Texas promised the Supreme Court that "no correlation exists between the race/ethnic background of a defendant and the probability that he will be either convicted of capital murder or given the death penalty."<br />Buck's attorney, Kate Black of the Texas Defender Service, said in a statement last night:<br />"We are relieved that the U.S. Supreme Court recognized the obvious injustice of allowing a defendant's race to factor into sentencing decisions and granted a stay of execution to Duane Buck. No one should be put to death based on the color of his or her skin. We are confident that the Court will agree that our client is entitled to a fair sentencing hearing that is untainted by considerations of his race."<br />Thank you to everyone who took action and sent a message to the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles and Gov. Rick Perry. We hope the Supreme Court will grant Duane Buck a new sentencing hearing. As Linda Geffin, who helped prosecute Buck in his 1997 trial wrote to Texas Gov. Rick Perry and the Board of Pardons and Paroles last Friday: "No individual should be executed without being afforded a fair trial, untainted by considerations of race."Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-3385333015739711582011-09-17T13:07:00.001-02:002011-09-17T13:09:29.068-02:00Pena de Muerte y Discriminación Racial Hoy en en New York TimesThe New York Times<br /><br />16 de Septiembre de 2011<br /><br />Editorial<br /><br />Estado de Ejecución<br /><br />Después de declarar el “estado de ejecución de Duane Buck a sólo horas de ser ejecutado en Texas el Jueves, la Corte Suprema debe ahora revisar el caso o, por lo menos, ordenar que un tribunal federal inferior considere el pedido del Sr. Buck de una nueva audiencia antes de decidir su sentencia. El Tribunal no puede permitir que tenga lugar una terrible injusticia.<br /><br />El Sr. Buck, un Afro-Americano, fue condenado a muerte en 1997. En la etapa de sentencia de su juicio, un psicólogo que participaba como perito experto dijo que “sí” cuando se le pregunto si “el factor raza, negra”, icrementaba las chances de que el Sr. Buck pudiera llevar a cabo de nuevo una conducta peligrosa.<br /><br />En Texas, esta es una pregunta clave: si si el estado no prueba “la peligrosidad futura” más alla de la duda razonable, no puede sentenciar al imputado a muerte. La fiscalía obtuvo la respuesta que quería y urgió al jurado a basar la decisión en ese testimonio. El jurado sentenció al Sr. Buck a muerte.<br /><br />En el año 2000, el Senador John Cornyn, que era entonces el Jefe de los Abogados del estado de Texas, solicitó nuevas audiencias de sentencia en seis casos en los que se había condenado a muerte –incluuido el Sr. Buck- porque la raza de los imputados se había utilizado inapropiadamente como un factor relevante para obtener esa sentencia.<br /><br />El Sr. Buck es el único de ese grupo al que no se le concedió una nueva audiencia. El Abogado de Distrito a cargo del caso del Sr. Buck reusó admitir que el uso de la raza fue un error constitucional que requería una nueva audiciencia. Cuando el caso llegó al juzgado federal, había un nuevo Jefe de Abogados del Estado de Texas, y éste se reusó a obedecer el juicio del Sr. Cornyn.<br /><br />El claro racismo que tuvo lugar en el caso del Sr. Buck es una nueva prueba de que la pena de muerte es cruel e inusual porque es arbitraria y discriminatoria, además de bárbara, y debe ser abolida. <br /><br /><span style="font-style:italic;"></span>La traducción es mía. El original en inglés sigue abajo.<br /><br />The New York Times<br /><br />September 16, 2011<br />Stay of Execution<br />After granting a stay of execution to Duane Buck just hours before he was to be put to death in Texas on Thursday, the Supreme Court must now review the case or, at the very least, order a lower federal court to consider Mr. Buck’s plea for a new sentencing hearing. It cannot allow a terrible injustice to stand.<br /><br />Mr. Buck, an African-American, was convicted of murder in 1997. At the sentencing phase of his trial, a psychologist who was an expert witness said “yes” when asked if “the race factor, black,” increased the chances that Mr. Buck would do something dangerous again.<br /><br />In Texas, this is a pivotal question: if the state does not prove “future dangerousness” beyond a reasonable doubt, it cannot sentence a convict to death. The prosecution got the answer it wanted and urged the jury to rely on this testimony. The jury sentenced Mr. Buck to death.<br /><br />In 2000, Senator John Cornyn, who was then the Texas attorney general, called for new sentencing hearings for six men given the death penalty — including Mr. Buck — because race was improperly used as a factor in their sentencing.<br /><br />Mr. Buck is the only one who has not been granted a new sentencing hearing. The state district attorney in charge in Mr. Buck’s case refused to admit that the use of race was a constitutional error that required a new hearing. By the time the case got to federal court, there was a new Texas attorney general who refused to abide by Mr. Cornyn’s judgment.<br /><br />The gross racism in Mr. Buck’s case is proof again that the death penalty is cruel and unusual because it is arbitrary and discriminatory, as well as barbaric, and must be abolished.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-32645157624971055602011-09-02T22:36:00.001-02:002011-09-02T22:37:32.043-02:00Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos: Caso Fontevecchia c. ArgentinaPerfil publicó la transcripción completa de la audiencia <a href="http://www.perfil.com/contenidos/2011/08/28/noticia_0003.html">acá</a>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-67922252701770361852011-08-29T11:50:00.004-02:002011-08-29T12:13:10.671-02:00Nino, Alberdi y el Día del Abogado<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWtlNi7QI0K7-T3dVq82RrX3M88tP193p0RytXqvqmiOzvS-b45JUID3uTpCrqCHwNU2wYg06F_feCW-IEqLJwLRaDuYQSR4IzIlJph-E4VE5RqykXS3aT4_ClOvHU_oe83e3YK8CZCeg/s1600/nino.jpg"><img style="display:block; margin:0px auto 10px; text-align:center;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 400px; height: 349px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWtlNi7QI0K7-T3dVq82RrX3M88tP193p0RytXqvqmiOzvS-b45JUID3uTpCrqCHwNU2wYg06F_feCW-IEqLJwLRaDuYQSR4IzIlJph-E4VE5RqykXS3aT4_ClOvHU_oe83e3YK8CZCeg/s400/nino.jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5646280324175929410" /></a>
<br />¿Concidencias? En su novela El libro de las ilusiones, Paul Auster dice, a través de uno de sus personajes: "Yo me considero un realista en el sentido más estricto de la palabra. El azar es parte de la realidad; continuamente nos vemos transformados por las fuerzas de la coincidencia"...
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<br />Un día como hoy, en 1810, nacía Juan Bautista Alberdi. En su honor se celebra en nuestro país el día del abogado y de la abogada. A pesar de los llamados de los amigos, que siempre reconfortan, este día tiene para mí un sabor un tanto amargo, pues también un 29 de agosto, pero de 1993, nos dejaba físicamente, a los 49 años, mientras trataba de contribuir al proceso constituyente boliviano en La Paz, otro enorme maestro del derecho, alguien que para muchos fue y sigue siendo un modelo de abogado preocupado por la construcción de una democracia constitucional fuerte y estable, un intelectual público que sin descuidar jamás el objetivo de dedicar su vida a la más sofisticada labor académica, también compartió los últimos años de su increiblemente productiva existencia a trabajar desde el gobierno o desde la sociedad civil para contribuir al mejoramiento de las instituciones de nuestro país, un ser generoso sobre todo con los más jóvenes, con los estudiantes y con esos abogados recién recibidos que tenían la rara idea de dedicarse a la academia y a la cosa pública. Me refiero a Carlos S. Nino.
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<br />Quiso el azar, ese aspecto crucial de la realidad, que por siempre recordemos en este mismo día a dos de los más grandes arquitectos de nuestro derecho constitucional, cuyas ideas tuvieron la fuerza imparable necesaria para seguir influyendo en nuestras discusiones, en nuestras clases, en nuestros escritos y en nuestras decisiones públicas hasta el presente. Desde Sabático, este humilde homenaje a ambos.
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<br />A continuación, reproduzco palabras de algunos de los mayores pensadores de nuestro tiempo sobre el que me enorgullese llamar mi maestro y mentor, aquel que me condujo hasta las puertas de un mundo y que, a pesar de haberse ido, sigue acompañandonos cada día que alguna de sus ideas nos ayuda a salir del laberinto en el que nos metimos...
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<br />Carlos Nino was a publicly engaged intellectual of rare integrity and brilliance. In his dedication to human rights, the rule of law, and constitutional legitimacy he combined passion with wisdom and analytic clarity. His inexhaustible courage in fighting to restore decency to his nation provides a model for others working in the wake of dictatorship. We are fortunate to have in his writings a record of his remarkable thought and experience.
<br />Thomas Nagel
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<br />Carlos Nino was an extraordinary combination of theoretical philosopher, practical statesman, and heroic patriot. His work engages and repays attention at all three levels.
<br />Ronald Dworkin
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<br />Carlos Nino was a brave man and an admirable philosopher who did his country notable service on the basis of a robust belief in liberal political values and universal human rights. His philosophy argues clearly and strongly for a foundation of the values which were expressed in his life.
<br />Bernard Williams
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<br />The untimely death of Carlos Nino has deprived Latin America of one of its leading activists for constitutionalism, and it has torn from the international community of constitutional scholars one of its best and brightest. Carlos Nino was notably not only for his political wisdom and courage, but also for the unusual sophistication and cosmopolitanism of his constitutional thinking.
<br />Stanley N. Katz
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<br />Carlos Santiago Nino died in 1993 at age 49. He was an unusual combination of philosopher, lawyer, activist, and scholar whose passion for ideas was equalled only by his passion for life. That life was cut short, but Nino's ideas on human rights, ethics, justice, and democracy are still here to enrich discussions and stimulate debate.
<br />Dorothy V. Jones
<br />Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-77185690968072118592011-06-20T14:59:00.000-02:002011-06-20T15:00:55.820-02:00Orden y Caos: Pi<iframe width="425" height="349" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/y0ueTIcUU24" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-83446844519612610392011-06-20T14:08:00.001-02:002011-06-20T14:09:57.227-02:00La Corte Conservadora ataca de nuevo (recién) en USAThe New York Times<br /><br />June 20, 2011<br />Justices Rule for Wal-Mart in Bias Case<br />By ADAM LIPTAK<br /><br />WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court on Monday threw out the largest employment discrimination case in the nation’s history. The suit, against Wal-Mart Stores, had sought to consolidate the claims of as many as 1.5 million women on the theory that the company had discriminated against them in pay and promotion decisions.<br /><br />The lawsuit sought back pay that could have amounted to billions of dollars. But the Supreme Court, in a decision that was unanimous on this point, said the plaintiffs’ lawyers had improperly sued under a part of the class action rules that was not primarily concerned with monetary claims.<br /><br />The court did not decide whether Wal-Mart had in fact discriminated against the women, only that they could not proceed as a class. The court’s decision on that issue will almost certainly affect all sorts of other class-action suits, including ones asserting antitrust, securities and product liability violations.<br /><br />In a broader question in the Wal-Mart case, the court divided 5-to-4 along ideological lines on whether the suit satisfied a requirement of the class action rules that “there are questions of law or fact common to the class.”<br /><br />Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for the majority, said the plaintiffs could not show that they would receive “a common answer to the crucial question why was I disfavored.” He noted that Wal-Mart operated some 3,400 stores, had an express policy forbidding discrimination and granted local managers substantial discretion.<br /><br />“On its face, of course, that is just the opposite of a uniform employment practice that would provide the commonality needed for a class action,” Justice Scalia wrote. “It is a policy against having uniform employment practices.”<br /><br />The plaintiffs sought to overcome the gap with testimony from William T. Bielby, a sociologist specializing in “social framework analysis.”<br /><br />Professor Bielby told the trial court that he had collected general “scientific evidence about gender bias, stereotypes and the structure and dynamics of gender inequality in organizations.” He said he also reviewed extensive litigation materials gathered by the lawyers in the case.<br /><br />He concluded that two aspects of Wal-Mart’s corporate culture might be to blame for pay and other disparities. One was a centralized personnel policy. The other was allowing subjective decisions by managers in the field. Together, he said, those factors allowed stereotypes to infect personnel choices, making “decisions about compensation and promotion vulnerable to gender bias.”<br /><br />Justice Scalia rejected the testimony, which he called crucial to the plaintiffs’ case.<br /><br />“It is worlds away,” he wrote, “from ‘significant proof’ that Wal-Mart ‘operated under a general policy of discrimination.’ ”<br /><br />Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Anthony M. Kennedy, Clarence Thomas and Samuel A. Alito Jr. joined Justice Scalia’s majority opinion on that broader point.<br /><br />Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, joined by Justices Stephen G. Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan, dissented in part. Justice Ginsburg said the court had gone too far in its broader ruling.<br /><br />“The practice of delegating to supervisors large discretion to make personnel decisions, uncontrolled by formal standards, has long been known to have the potential to produce disparate effects,” she wrote. “Managers, like all humankind, may be prey to biases of which they are unaware.”Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4569985268252508859.post-76215959601805753092011-02-25T17:27:00.003-02:002011-02-25T20:48:01.926-02:00Democracia en Medio OrienteHe leído mucho sobre la situación desatada en Medio Oriente desde diciembre del año pasado, pero pocos artículos me parecieron tan claros como este escrito por mi amiga Randa Slim, en el Huffington Post. Randa estará bloggeando periódicamente en este medio.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/randa-slim/the-making-of-a-new-narra_b_824156.html">The Making of a New Narrative in the Middle East</a><br /><br />By Randa Slim<br /><br />Both Tunisia and Egypt's populist revolutions are still in their infancy and it is too early to say whether they will succeed in revitalizing civic and political life and lead to democratic regimes in either country. However, their ripple effects on the political landscape of the Middle East are already being felt. While there are limits to transferring any model of political change across the different Arab countries, it is fair to say that the changes in Tunisia and Egypt have already dealt a heavy blow to old myths about democracy and political transformation in the region. A new political narrative is in the making. There are four themes in this emerging narrative.<br /><br />Democracy is a universal human right , not a Western idea.<br /><br />While Egyptians were staging disciplined and peaceful demonstrations demanding that Hosni Mubarak step down, Egypt's former vice president, Omar Suleiman, appeared on TV to announce that "Egypt was not ready for democracy." While totally out of touch with what was unfolding on everyone's TV screen and demeaning to all Egyptians courageously standing up for their rights, this statement reflected the beliefs of other Arab autocrats and monarchs. On January 31, Syrian President Bashar Al-Assad, whose family has ruled Syria since 1971, was asked by the Wall Street Journal about the pace of political reform in his country. His reply: "... we have to wait for the next generation to bring this reform." In Syrian political code, this means "not on my watch." What these authoritarian rulers fail to appreciate are the stirrings of every human soul, be it Arab or Western. President Obama beautifully articulated this reality when he quoted Martin Luther King: "There is something in the soul that cries out for freedom."<br /><br />Clearly, Egyptian democracy faces a bumpy ride. Whether the Egyptian military will live up to its promises and cede political power to civilian rule is still to be determined. However, we are already witnessing Egyptians and other Arabs debate what type of democracy Egypt should have. Until now, Arabs have been presented with a false choice between democracy as defined by the West (sometimes introduced by force as was the case in Iraq), and the lip-service democracies of most Arab governments that are, in fact, repressive and corrupt. Tunisia and Egypt have shown us that there is a third way -- an Arab way. To them, democracy in its essence is the right of the people to live their lives, and decide their fate without heavy-handed control by a police state. Democracy should be defined by the freedoms it guarantees to its citizens, including the freedom of expression, freedom of thought, freedom to form political parties, and the freedom to establish a strong society that is free of fear.<br /><br />Non-violence can work.<br /><br />Countries such as Iran and Syria, militant movements such as Hezbollah and Hamas and extremist groups such as Al Qaeda have long espoused violence as the only means to achieve change and right historical wrongs. If non-violent protests were to lead to a democratic transition in Egypt and Tunisia, this would seriously undermine this narrative. A democratic regime that emerges from a non-violent populist movement would have more authenticity and credibility than Iran's theocrats or Syria's autocrat or Hezbollah's militants in reframing the popular debate about the use of violence in bringing about internal change and redressing historical injustices. Democratically-elected regimes that include relatively moderate Islamist elements such as the Muslim Brotherhood would also gain more leverage in challenging the claims of extremists such as Al-Qaeda to act on behalf of Islam.<br /><br />The Islamists are part of the solution, but Islam is not THE solution.<br /><br />The Islamists did not instigate these protests in Tunisia or Egypt. In Tunisia, the agent provocateur was a young merchant who immolated himself in protest against the indignity and injustice meted out by local officials. In Egypt, it was a group of secular 20-30 year old internet-savvy Egyptians fed-up with the status quo in which Egyptians were treated as though they were servants to the pharaoh. They wanted to reclaim their role as citizens - that is, as owners of the land and of the public space. The slogan "Islam is the solution" was not the rallying cry in Tahrir Square. Rather, it was: "the people want to bring down the regime."<br /><br />There is no doubt that the Islamists will have their place at the table in any future democratic Tunisia or Egypt. But they will be one stakeholder among many others including liberals, leftists, nationalists, and a host of other civic organizations. Upon his return to Tunisia after more than 20 years in exile in the UK, Rashed Al Ghanoushi, a Tunisian Islamist leader announced that there is no place for Shariah in Tunisia. Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood has already announced that it will neither field candidates in the next presidential elections nor seek to garner a majority of seats in the next parliament. It is quite telling that when Iranian leader Khamenei called on the Egyptian protesters to establish an Islamic regime, Mohamad Al-Katatni, the former leader of the Muslim Brotherhood's parliamentary bloc, replied: "We are not responsible for the statements and declarations made by external forces."<br /><br />These developments in both Tunisia and Egypt clearly show that the Islamist movement in the Arab world is not the scarecrow that Arab authoritarian regimes have long claimed it to be. It is a movement that has undergone a long gestation period of internal deliberation and self-reflection, and by now has come to respect and espouse the democratic rules of the game.<br /><br />It's about governance, stupid!<br /><br />Both revolutionary movements have shown that the uprisings were spurred by corruption, unemployment, and poverty. Arab governments have long used the Arab-Palestinian conflict as an excuse to avoid reform and would often argue that political, economic and social reforms must be postponed until after the Palestinian issue has been solved. The protesters in the streets of Tunisia and in Tahrir Square were not mired in foreign policy debates. Rather, their demands centered around good governance defined by gaining a voice in the decision-making process, rule of law, respect for human rights, and transparent and accountable institutions of government whose purpose should be to achieve the welfare of all members of society. At the heart of good governance is human freedom. As economist Amartya Sen has long argued, "Expansion of freedom is viewed both as the primary end and as the principal means of development."<br /><br />The wall of fear has been broken. The public space has been reclaimed. The citizens of Tunisia and Egypt now face the hard work of nation-building. It is in the West's interest to help make these two stories end well. Otherwise, the longest war will be with us for generations to come. <br /><br />Randa Slim, a Lebanese-American political analyst, is a practitioner of dialogue and peace-building processes in the Middle East and Central Asia.<br /><br /><br />Y sobre Libia...<br /><br /> The Libyan situation is very different from what happened in Tunisia and Egypt partly due to the fact that in the two former cases, the army, a respected and cohesive institution, provided a buffer between the protesters and the pro-regime security services and hired goons and set the contours of the confrontation between the two parties. In both Tunisia and Egypt, the catalyst that compelled both presidents to step down, was the decision by the army chiefs not to fight their people in support of the president. In Libya, the army has been an instrument used by Muammar Qaddafi to consolidate his power. Fearing the development of any military network to unseat him from power, Qaddafi has over the years deliberately kept the armed forces weak and divided. The Libyan army lacks the discipline and professionalism we have seen displayed by their counterparts in Tunisia and Egypt. It is divided along Libya's tribal lines. It does not enjoy widespread popular support. This does not bode well for Libya's long-term stability. If the army were to split along tribal lines with some units that belong to Qaddafi's tribe remaining loyal to him, we are facing the real prospect of Libya descending into a protracted civil war.Roberto Sabahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/03876873819119842917noreply@blogger.com0